|
|
 |
| |
| Germany |
| Foreign
Trade |
| Key
Economic Indicators |
International trade
is crucial to the German economy. The FRG has always sought
close trade relations
with other countries and uphold the principles of an international
division of labour. After the liberalized trade policy and removal
of custom duties and other trade barriers to trade, FRG has
achieved the world’s second largest foreign trade turnover
(after the United States). Together with the United States and
Japan, the FRG ranks at the top in global trade. The main principles
governing German trade policy are: |
|
 |
International division
of labour rather than self-sufficiency. |
|
Global competition rather than trade
restrictions. |
|
Reconciliation of interest rather
than economic confrontation. |
| |
|
Exports and Imports
Germany’s main exports are motor vehicles, machinery and chemical
and electrical engineering products. German exports are known for
the quality of their products, comprehensive service and on-time delivery.
The most important imports are motor vehicles, agricultural and electrical
products and machinery, clothing and accessories and crude petroleum
and petroleum products. |
| |
|
| |
Imports
and Exports of Germany |
| |
| |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
| Exports
(DM MN) |
628,387
|
690,573
|
727,732
|
| Imports (DM MN) |
566,495 |
616,955 |
634,271
|
| Trade
Balance (DM MN) |
61,891
|
73,617 |
93,461
|
|
| |
|
| |
Trading Partners
The progressive economic integration of the EU has greatly increased
intra-European trade. In 1995 about 57% of Germany’s export was
sent to EU countries.
Germany’s main trading partner is France. In 1995, the
Federal Republic exports to France, was worth about DM 84.5 billion
and imports from France was about DM 68 billion. Other major countries
of destination for German products are, the United Kingdom, the United
States, Italy and Netherlands. With regard to imports, France is the
major partner followed by Italy, the Netherlands, the United States,
the United Kingdom and Belgium/Luxemburg. |
| |
|
| |
| Germany's Principal
Trading Partners - 1995 |
| Imports in
DM BN |
|
|
Exports in DM BN |
|
| France |
68.01 |
|
France |
84.5 |
| Netherlands |
53.4 |
|
United Kingdom |
58.1 |
| Italy |
52.9 |
|
USA |
54.6 |
| USA |
44.9 |
|
Italy |
54.6 |
| Belgium/Luxemberg |
41.1 |
|
Netherlands |
53.8 |
| United Kingdom |
40.4 |
|
Belgium/Luxemberg |
47.0 |
| Japan |
35.2 |
|
Switzerland |
39.7 |
| Switzerland |
26.1 |
|
Austria |
39.2 |
| Austria |
23.2 |
|
Spain |
24.7 |
| Spain |
19.6 |
|
Japan |
18.8 |
| China |
15.9 |
|
Sweden |
17.6 |
| Russia |
13.6 |
|
Denmark |
13.8 |
| Sweden |
12.9 |
|
Poland |
12.7 |
|
| |
|
| |
Sri Lanka’s Trade
Relations with Germany
Sri Lanka’s trade with Germany has been in favour of Sri Lanka
in the past years. Exports have increased from Rs. 10,936.60 mn in
1993 to Rs. 13,861.95 mn in 1997, while Imports have increased from
Rs. 6,763.39 in 1993 to Rs. 10,590.14 in 1997. |
| |
|
| |
| Year |
Export from Sri Lanka Rs. mn |
Import to Sri Lanka Rs. mn |
Trade Balance |
| 1993 |
10,936.60 |
6,763.39 |
4,173.21 |
| 1994 |
10,980.70 |
8,390.23 |
2,590.47 |
| 1995 |
12,987.90 |
8,553.72 |
4,434.18 |
| 1996 |
14,159.30 |
7,904.98 |
6,252.32 |
| 1997 |
13,861.95 |
10,590.14 |
3,271.81 |
|
| |
|
| |
The above
table shows that the trade balance has been in favour of Sri Lanka.
Sri Lanka’s major exports to Germany are garments, tea (in bulk),
other made up textile articles, clothing accessories of leather, gems,
wooden craft items and desiccated coconut. |
| |
|
| |
Major Exports to Germany |
| |
| Products |
1993 |
1994 |
% Growth |
1995 |
% Growth |
| Garments |
6,550.3 |
6,303.0 |
-3.8 |
7,491.4 |
18.9 |
| Electrical machinery &
parts |
609.9 |
455.3 |
-25.3 |
402.6 |
-11.6 |
| Tea (in bulk) |
464.7 |
436.1 |
-6.2 |
497.50 |
14.1 |
| Other made up textile articles |
245.8 |
222.1 |
-9.6 |
300.3 |
35.2 |
| Clothing accessories of leather |
230.8 |
239.5 |
3.8 |
158.1 |
-34.0 |
| Gems |
195.4 |
86.2 |
-55.9 |
97.4 |
13.0 |
| Wooden crafts items |
181.0 |
106.8 |
-41 |
120.7 |
13.0 |
| Articles of unhardened rubber |
166.5 |
167.7 |
0.7 |
274.3 |
63.6 |
| Un-manufactured tobacco |
162.1 |
131.5 |
-18.9 |
172.2 |
31.0 |
| Desiccated coconut |
142.2 |
271.6 |
91 |
365.8 |
34.7 |
| Re-export |
139.2 |
90.3 |
-35.1 |
77.6 |
-14.1 |
| Instant tea |
138.1 |
74.5 |
-46.1 |
66.1 |
-11.3 |
| Crepe rubber |
117.7 |
143.7 |
22.1 |
202.5 |
40.9 |
| Apparel clothing accessories
- rubber |
116.3 |
164.2 |
41.2 |
231.1 |
40.7 |
| Jewellery |
102.6 |
115.8 |
12.9 |
141.3 |
22.0 |
| Tyres & tubes |
102.4 |
146.5 |
43.1 |
240.0 |
63.8 |
| Tea packets |
98.8 |
41.2 |
-58.3 |
124.5 |
202.2 |
| Sheet rubber |
82.2 |
11.3 |
35.4 |
186.0 |
67.1 |
| Toys, games & sports requisites |
77.9 |
102.2 |
31.2 |
169.4 |
65.8 |
| Footwear (rubber) |
74.9 |
98.1 |
31.0 |
98.2 |
0.1 |
| Ceramic & porcelain products |
72.6 |
118.3 |
62.9 |
168.7 |
42.6 |
| Mattress fibre |
61.4 |
117.4 |
91.2 |
11.9 |
-4.7 |
| Cinnamon |
60.09 |
44.7 |
-26.6 |
53.9 |
20.6 |
| Cut flowers & foliage |
51.8 |
63.4 |
22.4 |
68.8 |
8.5 |
| Boilers, machinery & parts
|
47.0 |
80.7 |
71.7 |
134.8 |
67.0 |
| Textile & Garments - Other |
46.2 |
59.9 |
29.7 |
88.2 |
47.2 |
| Furniture & articles of
moulding mat |
45.0 |
37.0 |
-17.8 |
47.4 |
28.1 |
| Other manufacturers |
42.0 |
44.1 |
5.0 |
51.9 |
17.7 |
| Woven fabrics |
34.3 |
246.1 |
617.5 |
197.2 |
-19.9 |
| Artificial resins, plastic
materials |
33.8 |
50.2 |
48.5 |
32.1 |
-36.1 |
| Copper & copper products |
28.9 |
25.5 |
-11.8 |
16.8 |
-34.1 |
| Tea bags |
28.5 |
28.7 |
0.7 |
45.4 |
58.2 |
| Mixed coir fibre |
26.9 |
36.9 |
37.2 |
57.8 |
56.6 |
| Pepper |
24.9 |
1.4 |
-94.4 |
|
|
| Broom sticks |
24.4 |
23.1 |
-5.3 |
36.8 |
59.3 |
| Iron & steel products |
23.4 |
|
|
|
|
| Coffee |
21.2 |
77.1 |
263.7 |
25.0 |
-67.6 |
| Parquet flooring |
20.6 |
32.1 |
55.8 |
40.7 |
26.8 |
| Aquarium fish |
19.0 |
29.1 |
53.2 |
37.4 |
28.5 |
| Other export crops |
17.5 |
20.2 |
15.4 |
20.3 |
0.5 |
| Footwear - leather |
17.4 |
3.8 |
-78.2 |
|
|
| Aircraft parts |
17.0 |
|
|
|
|
| Paper & Paper products |
15.6 |
11.2 |
-28.2 |
7.5 |
-33.0 |
| Bristle fibre twisted |
15.4 |
15.4 |
|
14.6 |
-5.2 |
| Rubber products |
14.9 |
|
|
|
|
| Other mixed coir fibre |
13.3 |
31.5 |
136.8 |
26.1 |
-17.1 |
| Essential oils |
10.9 |
8.4 |
-22.9 |
8.6 |
2.4 |
| Activated carbon |
10.2 |
17.8 |
74.5 |
12.4 |
-30.3 |
| Tea - Other |
10.0 |
5.0 |
-50.0 |
|
|
| Rubber - Other |
8.1 |
7.0 |
-13.6 |
12.4 |
77.1 |
| Diamonds |
|
56.2 |
|
3.9 |
-93.1 |
| Unhardened rubber |
3.0 |
22.8 |
660 |
26.8 |
17.5 |
| Soap, washing preparations
etc |
6.9 |
13.0 |
88.4 |
10.6 |
-18.5 |
| Rubber thread |
|
12.8 |
|
1.2 |
-90.6 |
| Travel goods, bags & other
(leather) |
5.3 |
12.0 |
126.4 |
11.4 |
-5.0 |
| Block rubber |
|
8.0 |
|
|
|
| Fruits, fresh or dried |
0.5 |
409 |
880 |
23.8 |
385.7 |
| Processed fruits & fruit
juices |
|
4.4 |
|
10.5 |
138.6 |
| Electronic products |
|
|
|
|
|
| Stationary |
|
|
|
|
|
| Wood & Wood products –
Other |
1.0 |
9.5 |
850 |
12.4 |
30.5 |
| Cashew nuts |
6.3 |
3.3 |
-47.6 |
14.7 |
345.5 |
| Graphite |
7.3 |
1.7 |
-76.7 |
3.8 |
123.5 |
| Aluminium products |
7.0 |
5.7 |
-18.6 |
6.2 |
8.8 |
| Processed food6.4 |
2.8 |
-56.3 |
5.6 |
100.0 |
9.0 |
| Furniture |
6.3 |
6.5 |
3.2 |
7.7 |
18.5 |
| Transport equipments &
parts |
3.9 |
- |
- |
1.2 |
- |
| Tools & equipments |
2.8 |
- |
- |
2.7 |
- |
| Beverages |
2.0 |
1.9 |
-5.0 |
3.2 |
68.4 |
| Vegetables |
2.0 |
6.9 |
245 |
3.7 |
-46.4 |
| Coconut fresh nuts |
1.2 |
2.6 |
116.7 |
3.4 |
30.8 |
| Natural sands |
- |
7.9 |
- |
1.2 |
-84.8 |
| Glass & Glassware |
- |
7.1 |
- |
- |
- |
| Mineral sands |
- |
2.6 |
- |
- |
- |
| Confectionery & bakery
products |
0.7 |
1.6 |
128.6 |
3.5 |
118.8 |
| Coco peat |
- |
- |
- |
2.0 |
- |
| Total exports |
10,936.60 |
10,980,70 |
0.40 |
12,987.90 |
18.30 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Sri Lanka's
major imports from Germany include machinery and mechanical appliances,
man made filaments, articles of iron and steel, electrical machinery
and equipment, woven fabrics, vehicles, pharmaceuticals and paper
and paper board articles. |
| |
|
| |
Major Imports |
| |
Description
|
Volume |
Value (Rs.) |
Nuclear reactors,
Boilers, Machinery & Mechanical appliances parts there of,
Machinery, not specified or included elsewhere in this chapter,
for the IND - Brewery Ma |
|
615,108,855.00 |
| Nuclear reactors, Boilers, Machinery
& Mechanical appliances parts there of, dish washing machines,
Machinery for cleaning or drying bottles or Other |
33 |
487,632,152.00 |
| Nuclear reactors,
Boilers, Machinery & Mechanical appliances parts there of,
Turbo – jets, turbo propellers and other gas turbines -
of turbo jets or turbo propellers |
6,445 |
466,633,343.00 |
| Nuclear reactors, Boilers, Machinery
& Mechanical appliances parts there of, Compression –
Ignition Internal Combustion Piston Engines (diesel or semi
– marine propulsion engines) |
11 |
396,024,309.00 |
| Impregnated, coated,
covered or laminated Textile Fabrics, Textile articles, Textile
Fabrics Impregnate, Coated, Covered or Laminated with Plastics,
OT – Other |
155,034 |
349,321,856.00
|
| 20711 Iron & Steel semi-finished
products of Iron or Non-alloy steel, of rectangular (Including
square) cross-section, width measuring |
20,665,122 |
311,694,654.00 |
| Iron & Steel
- rolled products of Iron or Non -alloy steel, of a width of
600 MM or MO - Other |
4,555,933 |
212,429,909.00
|
| Wadding, felt and non-woven special
Yarn twine, cordage, ropes, cables and AR non-woven, whether
impregnated or not, coated, covered or laminated - weighing
more than 150g/M2 |
140,751 |
202,141,999.00 |
| Man-made staple
fibre Yarn (other than sewing thread) of synthetic staple fibres,
not put up for - single yarn |
265,473
|
175,563,042.00
|
| Electrical Machinery & Equipment
and parts there of, Sound recorders & Reproduct Electrical
Transformers, Static converters (For example, rectifiers) -
having a power handling capacity exceeding 10,00 kva |
5 |
144,249,154.00 |
| Nuclear reactors,
Boilers, Machinery & Mechanical appliances parts there of,
Printing Machinery, Machines for use ancillary to printing -
Other |
16 |
137,148,827.00
|
| Nuclear reactors, Boilers, Machinery
& Mechanical appliances parts there of, Machinery for sorting,
screening, separating, washing, crushing grinding - Other |
|
128,543,143.00 |
| Paper & Paper
Board articles of paper pulp, of paper or of paperboard, Newsprint,
in rolls or sheet. |
3,758,655 |
112,573,605.00 |
| Man-made staple fibres, woven fabrics
of artificial staple fibres - printed |
56,876 |
109,306,981.00 |
| Electrical Machinery
& Equipment and parts there of, Sound recorders & Reproduct
Electrical Transformers (including electrically heated Gas),
laser or other light or Photo - Other |
322 |
51,133,580.00 |
| Articles of Iron or Steel structured
(excluding pre-fabricated buildings of heading no. 9406) and
parts - Other |
151,045 |
48,525,117.00 |
| Miscellaneous
chemical products, finishing agents, dye carriers to accelerate
the dyeing or fixing of dye - kind used in the textile industry |
282,570
|
48,328,549.00 |
| Special woven fabrics tufted, textile
fabrics, lace tapestries, trimmings, embroidery in the piece,
in strips or motifs of man made fibres |
5,683 |
47,777,963.00 |
| Paper & Paper-Board
articles of paper pulp, of paper or of paperboard paper and
paperboard, coated on one or both sides with kaolin (China clay)
weighing more than 150 gms |
796,747 |
46,988,138.00
|
| Electrical Machinery & Equipment
and parts there of, Sound recorders & Reproduct Electrical
Apparatus for switching or protecting electrical circuits, or
- Other |
28,505 |
46,830,827.00 |
| Paper & Paper
Board articles of paper pulp, of paper or of paperboard, paper
& paperboard, coated on one or both sides with Kaolin (China
clay) weighing more than 150 gms. |
1,396,699 |
46,614,227.00 |
| Miscellaneous chemical products,
Insecticides, Rodenticides, Fungicides, Herbicides, Anti-sprouting
products, Anti-sprouting products and plant-growth regulators |
160,519 |
45,072,315.00 |
| Essential oils
resinous perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations mixtures
of odoriferous substances and mixtures (including alcoholic
solutions) - Other |
68,403 |
44,262,101.00 |
| Nuclear reactors, Boilers, Machinery
& Mechanical appliances parts there of, automatic data processing
machines and units thereof, magnetic or optical portable, digital,
automatic data processing, weighing not more than 10 kg. |
341 |
43,903,502.00 |
| Miscellaneous
chemical products, Insecticides, Rodenticides, Fungicides, Herbicides,
Anti-sprouting products - fungicides |
231,781 |
41,626,634.00 |
| Articles of Iron or Steel. Other
articles of lron or Steel |
144,691 |
41,331,350.00 |
| Aircraft, Spacecraft
and parts there of, arts, goods of heading - other parts of
aeroplanes or helicopters |
1,754 |
39,169,013.00
|
| Plastic and articles there of, polymers
of styrene, in primary form - Other |
434,000 |
38,667,341.00 |
| Nuclear reactors,
Boilers, Machinery & Mechanical appliances parts there of
weaving machines (Looms) - Other |
2 |
38,597,790.00 |
| Sugar & sugar confectionery,
cane and chemically pure sucrose, in solid form - cane sugar |
1,881,500 |
38,571,190.00 |
| Special woven
fabrics tufted textile fabrics, lace tapestries, trimmings,
embroidery woven fabric, other than goods of heading no.5807;
narrow fabric – woven pile fabrics (including terry towelling
and similar terry fabrics) |
33,952 |
36,933,123.00
|
| Nuclear reactors, Boilers, Machinery
& Mechanical appliances parts there of Taps, Cocks, Valves
and similar appliances for pipes, boiler shells, tanks - Other
appliances. |
9,208 |
36,859,369.00 |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
|
